 YDWVH 83 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt - concerning human
knowledge. We have here somewhat anticipated what we
shall have to say INTROD UCTOR Y 1 5 in our eighth
chapter. We have, however, felt ourselves forced so to
do, as otherwise we could hardly make clear matters we
must deal with almost immediately. Here, at the outset,
we take for granted that a world of material,
independent objects, possessing various powers and
activities, exists about us ; also that we possess a
material, extended body, so organised as to produce in
Data: November 22, 2008
Palavras Relacionados: Epistemology SCIENCE Philosophy
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YDWVH 82 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt - *' at all.
Without that we might indeed feel, but we could not have
complete certainty as to our feeling and know assuredly
that we possessed it. Our ultimate court of appeal and
supreme criterion is the intel- lect and not sense, and
our act of intellectual perception which is thus
ultimate, which both knows what it knows and knows that
it knows it, with absolute certainty, which is above any
possibility of proof and is self-evident in and to
itself, is called ** intellectual intuition."
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 81 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt - obtained such
results as we may have obtained ? Manifestly by the
intellect. How otherwise are we to judge between what
may seem to be the conflicting indications of different
sense-impressions ? Nothing could be more foolish than
to undervalue the testimony of the senses, which are both
tests and causes of certainty. They are not, however,
the test of it. Certainty does not pertain to sensation,
but to thought alone. Self-conscious, reflect- ive
thought, then, is our ultimate and absolut
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 80 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -the last 14 THE
GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE word, in all cases of doubt,
rests with the intellect and not with the senses. It
might seem that in making experiments with different
bodies (as in chemistry), when we directly ap- peal to
our senses for information, those senses must be our
ultimate criterion ; yet such is not the case. The
enormous value and indispensable nature of our
sensations is obvious and unquestionable. Observation
and experiment are al- ways, of course, to be made use
of,
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 79 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -what is and must
be the nature of our absolute and ultimate criterion of
truth in all cases. There are some persons who would
assign the dignity of an ultimate test of reality and
truth to our sensitive faculty. But a little careful
consideration will be enough to show the investigator
that it is the intellect alone which is, and must be,
supreme; and this not only in judging about recondite
problems, but even in deciding concerning things which
we see, hear, feel, etc., and concerning al
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 78 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -conceptions, and
IS present (though, of course, it is not reflected on)
in the mind of the, young child who asks what that '*
thing " is. It may be Well further to contrast our **
feelings " and our " intellectual perceptions " from yet
another point of view. In the pursuit of every science
we have to make use of both, and the way we should
regard them ? the relations in which they stand to each
other ? is supremely important for those who would enter
upon the science of the sciences ? Epi
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 77 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -be- tween (i) an
idea, or intellectual conception, and (2) a feeling ?
felt or imagined ? is particularly conspicuous with
respect to our idea of ** being " or ** existence/* That
idea is so fundamental that it is simply applicable to
everything, while without it nothing can be apprehended.
No group of feelings could possibly give us a feeling of
** being," because there neither is nor can be one
feeling common to all other feelings, and yet a feeling
of a distinguishable kind. Never- thele
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 76 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -the relative
position of two objects, we must perceive both of them
and turn back the mind (reflect) from the last to the
first per- ceived. Without so doing, their spatial
relations, their re- lations as to position, could not
possibly be apprehended. Again, feelings (both
sensations and imaginations) can never reflect on
feelings ; but thought can reflect on thought. Feeling
may be so intense as to annihilate itself and pro- duce
insensibility ? as light may dazzle and blind; but an
idea
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 75 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -theatrical mise en
seine ; (7) the name and merit of the statue's sculptor;
(8) the appearance of the marble ; (9) the mountains of
Car- rara; (10) the geographical age of the limestone;
(11) the creatures which existed whilst it was being
deposited; (12) marble as a substance; (13) the
particular piece making the statue; (14) individuality;
and lastly (15) the idea of being or existence. To state
this distinction as shortly as possible, it may be
pointed out that our sensitive faculty is
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 74 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -SCIENCE ascent of
a rocket; (5) the sight of a bow and arrow, a musket, or
a pile of cannon-balls ; (6) the name of a well- known
race-horse; (7) dance-music from a familiar ballet; (8)
the smell of a fox, and so on. So also with a single
set of feelings, such as those we might experience after
gazing upon a marble statue of Shakespeare : its aspect,
or even our mere recollection of it, might give rise to
and support a number of very diverse in- tellectual
conceptions. Thus it might lead
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 72 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -that con-
ceptionj'which is nevertheless commonly enough employed.
How often do we not hear such expressions as ** It is
worth nothing," or, " There is nothing in it " ? That
our powers of mental conception are not tied down to
experience is shown by the very fact that we can
conceive of its not being so tied down, and also that we
conceive of other senses besides those which we possess
? such, e. g.y as senses which might enable us to feel
the chemical composi- tion, or the magnetic cur
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 71 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -feelings in our
eyeballs while looking, but even if we could feel (which
we cannot) every minute action of every part of the eyes
INTRODUCTOR Y 1 1 and of the brain's complex
mechanism, such feelings would be no ** idea of the act
of seeing." Among the constant experiences of our daily
life are our perceptions of different shades of colour,
and different feelings have accompanied such
perceptions. But of " colour" we have. never once had a
feeling ; yet we have a clear idea of it and ofte
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 70 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt - of past feelings,
for ** experi- ence " is an abstract term, and,
therefore, denotes something which never could have been
felt at all. By receiving or obtaining over and over
again feelings of the same or of different kinds, we may
feel them more easily, more pleasur- ably, or (as is too
often the case) more painfully. But to undergo such
changes of feeling, and to obtain the idea **
experience," are two very different things. Again, we
can all form an idea of the action of our eyes in s
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 69 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -our sensations. To
say this would be to deny the essential distinctness
which exists between ** ideas " and ** feelings,"
whether the latter are " sensations ** or ** mental
images." As to the signifi- cation of the word ** idea,"
our definition would be ** an intellectual representation
of an object either actually exist- ing or merely
possible." One or two examples may suffice to show how,
by the help of sensations, and mental images, the mind
rises to the conceptions of ideas beyond the
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 68 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt - either entire or
in their constituent parts. Our sense-impressions can,
as it seems to us, alone furnish a basis and support on
which the intellect may build lO THE GROUNDWORK OF
SCIENCE and act, and it can build nothing except upon a
foundation of sense-impressions, nor can it take a step
without the aid of the imagination. Thus sensations and
subsequent mental images are both the necessary
antecedents and also the in- dispensable accompaniments
of all our ideas, however ab- stract or re
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 67 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -nervous organ, its
brain. Numerous feelings are thus aroused and
subsequently experienced again and again in various com-
binations of co-existence and sequence of feelings thus
excited by external objects. These experiences lay the
foundation for subsequent minute brain modifications,
the accompaniment of which are what we call ** mental
images," "imaginations," or " phantasmata." Such mental
phe- nomena are internal feelings, and resemble, more or
less closely, the feelings previously ex
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 66 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt -and whatever be
its cause) which is the object cognised or perceived in
the psychical act of cognition or perception on the part
of the subject. Again, in every act of intellectual
cognition or perception, there are also two elements ?
(i) the sensational and (2) the intellectual. In the
earliest stages of mental life, psychical action ?
though no doubt partly excited by internal feelings
(that is, by feelings due to physical changes in the
internal bodily organs) ? is mainly roused to act
Data: November 22, 2008
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YDWVH 65 THE GROUNDWORK OF SCIENCE A Study of Epistemology
Descrição do Vídeo:
http://www.archive.org/stream/groundworkscien01mivago
og/groundworkscien01mivagoog_djvu.txt - mistakes and
fallacies in our judgments and inferences. Therefore,
since science depends, and must depend, largely on
reasoning, it imperatively requires not only the
greatest care with respect to the observation of facts,
but also the greatest care that, in our inferences,
those IN TROD UCTOR Y 9 laws of thought the violation
of which induces error, should in no case be disobeyed.
In every human perception, and therefore of course in
every perception wherewith science is concerned, ther
Data: November 22, 2008
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